Pterosaurs and birds were both competing for space in the Mesozoic skies. However, the pterosaurs diverged as an order before the birds, and this was a clear advantage. If the number of currently defines species are plotted on a graph by geological age, an interesting trend is observed.
Pterosaurs emerged in the Late Triassic, becoming the dominant flying creatures of the Era. The birds are first seen in the Middle Jurassic, and start off as localised communities, as did the pterosaurs many millions of years earlier. As bird species increase throughout the Cretaceous, the pterosaur species are seen to peak in numbers and then fall into decline. By the end of the Cretaceous, pterosaurs were specialised as very large and wide ranging flying animals - most of the smaller pterosaur species having disappeared towards the end of the Cretaceous.
Birds clearly had an ecological advantage in most niche environments, eventually forcing pterosaurs into decline. By the time of the Mass Extinction Event at the end of the the Mesozoic, There were only a handful of pterosaur species left, and these were too highly specialised to survive as an order of animals. The changes in ambient temperature and atmospheric oxygen content that resulted from the meteor impact and ensuing lava flows would have been biologically catastrophic, making life impossible for the large pterosaurs.
I would like to point out that not everyone agrees with this interpretation, eg Butler et al. (2009). Some of our views on replacement could be due to taphonomic and collecting issues.
ReplyDeleteBUTLER, R. J., P. M. BARRETT, S. NOWBATH, AND P. UPCHURCH. 2009. Estimating the effects of sampling biases on pterosaur diversity patterns: implications for hypotheses of bird/pterosaur competitive replacement. Paleobiology, 35(3):432-446.
I agree. When you go beyond the general overview and look at specifics, the issues of interpretation become more complex. The collecting of specimens is undoubtably biased as the few fossil sites that yield results are constrained in time and locality. I am still convinced that the overall picture shows that birds were outcompeting small pterosaurs in the Cretaceous. Birds seem to have no impact on larger pterosaurs, as they seem to be competing against each other in general.
ReplyDeleteMy aim here is to stimulate thought and discussion at any level. Thanks for the reference, which I shall now include in my bibliogaphy database.
Makes sense just thought I would point it out. I think there was another more recent paper that said something similar but I can't find it right now, if I find it later I will make sure I post the citation here and let you know. I do enjoy your work so keep it up.
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